V — Visa Inc.

Payment network, not a direct lender — but classified as financial services.

Why?

Visa operates a payment network and earns fees on transactions rather than lending directly or earning interest itself. Some screening providers classify it as compliant on that basis, while others exclude it as a 'financial services' company closely tied to the conventional (interest-based) credit card system. Providers genuinely disagree here.

How this was screened

Primary basis: Business-activity screen.

References

• Screened against commonly applied Islamic finance criteria (business-activity exclusions plus AAOIFI-influenced financial ratio thresholds); exact methodology varies by provider (e.g. AAOIFI, S&P/Dow Jones Islamic Market, MSCI Islamic).

As of: 2026-09-06

This is informational guidance only, not investment advice or a certified Sharia determination. Financial ratios shift every quarter — always verify current figures with a dedicated Islamic screening service or qualified financial and religious advisor before making investment decisions.